Valence electrons, located in the outermost shell of an atom, play an important role in driving chemical reactions and forming bonds with other atoms. But imaging these particles as they perform this ...

A group of researchers from Ehime University investigated valence electron configurations using light, expanding on prior studies of superconductors and quantum spin liquids. The findings were ...

If phosphorous has five electrons in its outermost shell, meaning it needs only three more to fill the shell, how can it form FOUR valence bonds when used as a dopant in a silicon crystal? This is one ...