Article 690 covers solar installations, except large-scale ones (those are covered in Article 691) [Sec. 690.1], as shown in Fig. 1. There are three important definitions: “Photovoltaic (PV) system” ...

Scientists from the Université de Sherbrooke in Canada have fabricated a prototype of a concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) module based on the so-called surface-mount technology (SMT) – a technique that ...

Solar day lamps (SDL) are simple and cost-effective. A few examples of SDLs have been described in [1], [2] and [3]. An SDL without any energy storage element suffers from frequent changes in the ...

A German research team is conducting practical tests to see how solar modules with integrated radio technology can be linked to form an overall network. The “communicative” panels should represent a ...

Part II of Art. 690 provides the circuit requirements for PV systems. The first requirement it covers is the maximum PV system direct-current (DC) circuit voltage. This value is used when selecting ...