Electrons in a metal form a Fermi distribution in equilibrium with a phonon bath. These electrons can easily be driven out of equilibrium, for example, by applying Joule heating 4. A key feature of ...

QSPICE is an analog and mixed-signal simulator characterized by high simulation speed, accuracy and reliability. It is a new program and can be downloaded here. QSPICE is still in the demonstration ...

Living cells make decisions based on information processing genetic programmes. Many of these programmes execute digital functions 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. The capability to build synthetic digital systems in ...

As we have observed in previous parts of this course, in a digital system, signals can take on only two values: high or low. These values are often represented by two voltage levels. The most used ...