In the first case, there is a strong upward-sloping relationship between X and Y; in the second case, no apparent relationship; in the third case, a strong downward-sloping relationship. Note the ...

Businesses that rely on correlation will be misled with increasing confidence. Businesses that master causation will navigate complexity with increasing clarity.

Analysts and traders strongly adhere to the “Bitcoin is inversely correlated to the strength of the U.S. dollar index” thesis, but a closer look at the data suggests otherwise. Presently, there seems ...