It is becoming more and more difficult in nanometer designs to reliably print the image intended by the designer. This task is demanding enough under normal conditions; maintaining pattern fidelity ...
Process variability is becoming more problematic as transistor density increases, both in planar chips and in heterogeneous advanced packages. On the basis of sheer numbers, there are many more things ...
Special cause variation, I love to see it! That’s because I know I’m about to learn something important about my process. A ...
Animal testing is often used to evaluate the potential risks, uses, and environmental impacts of chemicals. New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) are technologies and approaches that can potentially ...
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